Cytogenetics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cytogenetics - Coursework Example Other Cytogenetic techniques include Fluorescent in-situ hybridization, Centromere or C-banding, replication banding, Sub-microscopic telomere analysis, distamycin staining and Comparative Genomic Hybridization (1). Abnormalities in chromosomes can also be identified by non-cytogenetic methods, like that of Microarray analysis and Molecular analysis of Telomeric sequences (1). Human numerical abnormalities are now measured by the advent of cytogenetics, which include Downs Syndrome, Turners syndrome and Klinefelters syndrome. The advance of molecular cytogenetics started in 1980s with the advent of Fluorescent in-situ hybridization. Later than FISH, technique of chromosome microdissection came in picture in which micromanipulation and examination of chromosome was carried out. This method lead to study in detail the aberration in chromosomal structure that could be isolated cloned and thereby studied in even finer detail. This method is also been put to medical use like in diagnosis of cancer and in hematological malignancies where it is used to determine the chromosomal translocations in the malignant cells, thus making the diagnosis easier and thereby the treatment becomes more specific. It is also used in the identification of the abnormality in myeloid leukemia (2). The future focuses on molecular cytogenetics include Comparative genomic hybridization microarrays; Single-Polynucleotide based Polymerization based karyotyping. Report for the clinician referred to: 1. Observation and background: Given sample of Mrs. Krerr has been analyzed and karyotyping was carried out based on the G-banding Karyotype. There were clear indications of translocation between in Chromosome 4 and 11 having t(4;11)(q21:p13) phenotype. Based on published literature and reports translocation in chromosome 4; 11 was found to be associated with high risk infant acute leukemia (3) which arises due to illegitimate re-combination between MLL and AF4 gene. Identification of this gene translocation in early stage of life cycle allows us to define the treatment regime in subsequent development of diseases (4). The mechanistic aspect of this translocation is largely unknown but researchers are able to map the genomic breakpoints and, in this particular case it was found to be hyper-sensitive to Dnase I and the cleavage site for Topoisomerase II. 2. Probable Gene involved and proteins: a) AF4p12, also known as FRYL gene homologous to Drosophila FRY gene could be involved in maintaining integrity of polarized cell during morphogenesis (6). b) MLL 11 Q23 transcriptional regulators. 3. Further investigations: Observed karyotype and interpretation needs to be validated based on little more cytogenetic analysis including Q- banding to obtain high resolution banding pattern to locate precise translocation. Similarly NOR (Silver) staining will help to identify translocation due to involvement of shorter arm translocation in given sample. But it is highly recommended to use Q-PCR methodology using fusion specific primer (i.e. primer which amplifies fusion region of MLL and AF4). The results of PCR amplification can

Posner Terms 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Posner Terms 2 - Assignment Example The administrations also ignore the positive effects of societal goals on students such as reverence for associates, recognition of US position in international economy, international harmony and peace and US nationals’ right of safety. The inclusion of societal goals in curriculum is not an easy task. 2. Administrative Goal Posner (1995) defines administrative goals of educational institutions in terms of supervision and development of the institutions (p. 73). The administrative goals comprise teachers’ appointments, salaries and educational continuation, support required by staff, recognition and promotion of influential leaders, the development and supervision of particular curriculum, protection of staff and students and turnout of students. Educational institution’s building preservation, transport management, resourcing and overhauling planning and supervision and standardizing rules and regulations for students. As a student, I have noticed that administr ative goals are handled at school level and school administrators are involved in their development, regulation and improvement. 3. Bloom's Taxonomy and its Applicability to Writing Objectives ‘Cognitive, affective and psychomotor’ domains are part of Bloom’s taxonomy. ... As a student, I feel that cognitive activities are uncomplicated as compared to affective or psychomotor activities. Cognitive domain incorporates learning, understanding, implementation, evaluation and combination, all of which indicate that it is applicable to writing objectives. For writing, all the mentioned aspects are required. 4. Cognitive Domain Cognitive domain as described by Bloom deals with our thought patterns. Initially, brain was regarded as a mind muscle only but currently, it is an organ that makes a human being capable to use Bloom’s domains that are cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains (Anderson, et al, 2000). Cognitive domain can also be called intellectual domain. Our skills of causation, recollection and cogence of information are investigated by cognitive psychologists. These skills make us dissimilar to animals. We are able to understand and eulogize music, literature and art because of cognitive domain. Our thoughts, rationalizing and comprehen sion, all are permitted because of cognitive domain. In our studies, we have to use cognitive domain in order to comprehend, evaluate and reason to acquire knowledge. Any kind of study is impossible without incorporation of cognitive domain. 5. Purpose of Standards Posner (1995) describes the standards as defined specifics, capabilities and procedures that students are anticipated to acquire (p. 93). Sometimes, secondary educational institutions adopt and apply ‘behavioral objectives’ that appear as standards. These standards are quantifiable. The student performance can be judged as an indication of a continued knowledge acquisition procedure with the support of these standards. Standards define a

Alcoholism a Disease or Choice Essay Example for Free

Alcoholism a Disease or Choice Essay As is the case with other addictions, alcoholism is considered a disease by many in the medical community, including the American Medical Association. A drawback to framing alcoholism as a disease is that we tend to think of diseases as something that needs to be diagnosed by a professional, Young said. However, physicians often only meet with patients for a short time and cannot possibility have the same insight into an individuals habits as she herself. 1. Dont miss these Health stories 1. US races to make bird flu vaccine – just in case Less than two weeks after Chinese officials released the genetic sequence of a new type of bird flu, U. S. vaccine experts are well on the way to making a vaccine to protect people against it. 2. 1 in 4 skin cancer survivors skips sunscreen, study finds 3. A few see music all around them (literally) . Bad Picture Monday: Unflattering pics spur movement 5. ADHD diagnosis in kids can spotlight parents own condition I know of addicts who have been able to get a professional to tell them they are not addicted, and then use that as justification to continue their excessive drinking, Young said. The disease model also gives the false impression that alcoholism is solely a biological disorder, Young said, leading some researchers tend to adopt a narrow view, focusing on particular chemicals or brain cells that might be involved. We tend to look at smaller and smaller parts of the human body, and the human mind and the human brain, to find the cause of something, Young said. In doing so, we lose sight of the bigger picture, including social and cultural influences that may play a role in alcoholism development. Factors including who you spend time with, how many liquor stores are near you and your religious affiliation all are linked with how much you drink, Young said. Solutions Young said he prefers to use the word allergy to describe alcoholism. It is less threatening to consider the idea that one ight have an allergy than to consider the idea that one might be permanently diseased, Young said. With alcoholism, theres a dichotomy — you either are [an alcoholic] or yo ure not. And that sort of marks you as an individual — youre either normal or youre deviant. Young said. With allergies, the deviance is much less significant. In addition, drinkers should not feel they have to leave their diagnosis to a physician. People should give weight to their own experiences, including what they perceive their drinking is doing to their lives, Young said. Advertise | AdChoices Advertise | AdChoices Advertise | AdChoices Other experts point out that the problem of disease stigmatization or identity crisis is not unique to alcoholism. It really doesnt matter what illness you have; people have a sense of loss, said Dr. Ihsan Salloum, chief of the Division of Alcohol and Drug abuse at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; who also called the Youngs article more philosophical than scientific. The disease model has helped us understand alcoholism and develop drugs for the condition, Salloum said. However, Salloum agreed there is a need to take into account subjectivity when diagnosing and treating the condition. When somebody is suffering, its not only the organ thats suffering, its the whole person, Salloum said. If doctors want to help patients accept their diagnosis as an alcoholic, they should work to understand how the patient is processing whats happening to him or her, Salloum said. Pass it on: Viewing alcoholism as a disease may create problems in terms of diagnosing, treating and understanding the condition.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Comparing the Millers Tale and the Reeves Tale :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing the Miller's Tale and the Reeve's Tale  Ã‚      In the conclusion between the Miller's Tale and the Reeve's Tale, the Reeve's Tale is far more insulting and malicious and convincingly closer to the true definition of quiting, then the Miller's Tale. The Reeve's Tale defines what trickery and evildoing and cuckolding is. The Miller's Tale is more of a tale dealing with a form of black 'humor and slapstick comedy, rather than a succession of put-downs which occurred in the Reeve's Tale.   Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Miller's Tale, we see many insults directed towards bow ignorant the man was in choosing the right wife for marriage. He picks out an eighteen year old bombshell, named Allison and John, the carpenter, who marries her says:   Ã‚  Ã‚   This carpenter had married a new wife Not long before, and loved her more than life. She was a girl of eighteen years of age. Jealous he was and kept her in the cage, For he was old and she was wild and young; He thought himself quite likely to be stung.   Not only are their ages apart, but they share no similarities in their lifestyles, pointing to the fact that he is a dimwitted fool. (MiLT 89)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The other quiting of the Reeve in the Miller's Tale is when, once   again, the carpenter is portrayed as a dullard by being totally oblivious to the situation; Allison, his wife, and a man named Nicholas, a man known locally for making love in secret, (which was his talent), are trying to have sexual laissons behind John's back. (MiLT 91). They get John to believe that a great flood, worse than Noah's is coming, and will destroy all of them. This fool by believeing this tale and following them with the preparations protects himself, even though no flood of any sort arises. This is the ultimat act of stupidity! The Reeve's Tale about the Miller is a perfect example of evil and trickery at it's best. The part being that in the end, the trickster becomes tricked over and over againt but the tables turn and the Miller is the real loser having lost his stolen flour and to add insult to injury, he finds out that his wife and daughter have been cuckolded especially after all the jargon about the following:   Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to have Simpkins his relation, The nuns had given her an education.

Electromagnetic Spectrum Essay -- essays research papers fc

The electromagnetic spectrum is made up of six different types of waves. Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared waves, Visible light, Ultraviolet light, X-rays and Gamma rays. The radio waves are used to transmit radio and television signals. The infrared waves are used to tell temperature of areas. Visible light is all the colors that we can see. Ultraviolet light can help things grow but to much can cause diseases such as skin cancer. X-rays are used as a tool to find broken bones or take pitchers of our sun. Gamma rays are used in medical science but they are oftenly used to produce images of our universe. If you would like to know more about the spectrum keep reading. The electromagnetic spectrum is the organization of six diferent wavelengths. Each having their own use. The spectrum in order from longest to shortest wavelengths is: Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared waves, Visible light, Ultraviolet light, X-rays and Gamma rays. The most familiar forms of the spectrum are radio waves and light waves. The reason for that is, that we listen to the radio or use its waves more often than we think. For instance cell phones work off of radio waves. Light waves are used more often than we think because with out light we wouldent posibly be able to see color on any thing, or we wouldent have photosynthisis which sunlight is used for. The term spectrum refers to light in general or the whole range of electromagnetic radiation. The electromagnetic field was found in the 19th centurie. It was founded by James Clerk MAXWELL of Scotland and published in 1865. The field is described in two quantities the electric component E and the magnetic component B and both charge in space and time. This meaning electric / magnetic / spectrum. Radio waves are used to transmit radio and television signals. Radio waves can send sounds at the speed of light. The range of radio waves can be less than a centimeter to tens or even hundredths of meters. Radio waves are produced by coherent motion of electrons such as the antenna of a radio transmitter. Coherent motion is the focused pattern of the waves, in this case. The radio waves are also produced by charged particles orbiting in magnetic fields. As you already know we have FM and AM radio waves. Well an FM radio station at 100 on the radio dial (100 megahertz) would have a wavelength of about 400 meters. A radio wave can also be us... ...cy. Nanometer- One billionth. Angstroms- Ten billionth. Bibliography: Internet: Http://hurlbut.jhuapl.edu/NEAR/Eucational/lessonSpectrum/lpspec.html http://www.mymate.demon.co.uk/em.htm http://www.physics.gmu.edu/classinfo/astr103/CourseNotes/rad_wave.htm http://www.li.net/~stmarya/stm/gamm_1.htm.. http://cossc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cossc/nasm/VU/overview/whatare/whatare.html Books: Grolier Encyclopedia, 1996 ElectrIcity and Magnetism, Prentice-Hall, 1993 Scott Forman, Physical Science Bell and Howell Company 1977 Readers digest-How In The World Library of congress, 1990 Adventures In Scuba Diving, NAUI, 1996 Eric M. Rogers, Physics For The Inquiring Mind Princeton, New Jersey Princeton University Press, 1960 Magazine: Global Communications OMNI, November 1990 Acknologements: I would like to thank Mr. Rhan for giving me the time to work on the electromagnetic spectrum during his math class period. And I would also like to thank that stupid voice in my head for keeping me on task, against my will. I cant forget good old Mr. Garcia for giving me such a short time to finish this but the confidence it took to succeed as well. And my dear old dad since he asked me to thank him too.

In the Time of the Butterflies Analysis

Analysis of Alvarez’s In the Time of the Butterflies In the Time of the Butterflies, written by Julia Alvarez, is the story of four sisters who take an emotional journey while becoming a symbol of hope in the corrupt Dominican Republic, as they seek to make a political revolution. Throughout the story, we dig deeper into each sister’s life and learn more about her individual traits. In the book, Alvarez makes the Mirabal sisters come alive throughout the book with her use of foreshadowing, detailed characterization, and selection of detail.The more the reader journeys farther into the book, the more the aforementioned devices become of importance Throughout In the Time of the Butterflies Alvarez does an impressive job using selection of detail to create a strong mental image of the characters and setting for the reader. In the opening lines of Chapter One Dede describes the area of where she lives as the interview woman is coming over soon when she says, â€Å"The woma n will never find the old house behind the edge of towering hibiscus at the bend of the dirt road† (3).By using visual imagery Alvarez gives a clear description of where the Mirabal sisters reside. The sisters live in the foothills of the tobacco fields, a very unpopulated area, which is hard to find as no street signs exist in the country. On the way home from Trujillo’s residence after the disastrous skit put on by the sisters Alvarez writes,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"As the road darkened, the beams of our headlights filled with hundreds of blinded moths. Where they hit the windshield, they left blurry marks, until it seemed like I was looking at the world through a curtain of tears† (29).Alvarez compares the blurry marks to a curtain of tears, giving the reader a sense of the somber mood in the car. Alvarez tells of the dismal mood because the sisters had let Sor Asuncion down, she was not happy they didn’t act as the ornaments of the nation as they were supposed to. So r Asuncion was telling Patria to pray to the Virgencita for guidance in her future involving the church when Patria says, â€Å"And I prayed with her, a Hail Mary and an Our Father, and I tried hard but I could not keep my eyes from straying to the flame trees, their blossoms tumbling in the wind of the coming storm. (47). By using great detail the reader can almost imagine the flame trees swaying before them with their blossoms turning in front of their own eyes. The quote brings Patria’s character alive as well, giving the reader a look into one the key aspects of her life, religion. Selection of detail is just one of three literary devices used In the Time of the Butterflies that makes it an exciting book; it compels the reader to continue reading as the characters and scenery comes to life.Alvarez consistently uses the device of foreshadowing to drop subtle hints of what is to come later in the book. Dede was helping her father up the stairs after he had discussed their possible futures with them on a clear moonlit night, when Alvarez writes, â€Å"She realizes that her future is the only future he really told† (10). Referring to Dede, a possible storyline that is constant throughout the book is revealed by her father; she will be the only sister of the four to survive the revolution.Dede gives the interview women a quick tour of the house, and when walking down the hallway Alvarez describes it, â€Å"There are three pictures of the girls, old favorites that are now emblazoned on the posters every November, making these once intimate snapshots seem too famous to be the sisters she knew† (5). The same storyline is mentioned in the quote; three of the sisters have a picture on the wall, but Dede does not because she’s the only one still alive.With the sisters having pictures of them on the walls that were considered â€Å"old favorites† it foreshadows their deaths at the end of the book. Chapter four begins with Patria des cribing her childhood from the day she was born , â€Å"Even being born, I was coming out, hands first, as if reaching up for something† (44). This quote foreshadows Patria’s loving character that the reader discovers later in the book. Patria loves automatically and is naturally generous which is later shown with her early commitment in life to the church.In In the Time of the Butterflies foreshadowing lays the foundation for the rest of the book, which is vital for the reader to grasp. Alvarez uses detailed characterization to give the reader a clear idea of the characters personality as well as their physical appearance. Minerva begins chapter two by comparing herself, â€Å"Sometimes, watching the rabbits in their pens, I’d think, I’m no different from you, poor things† (11). She compares herself to a rabbit stuck in their pen; Minerva is living at home with her parents and cannot find a way to get out from their grasp.Alvarez gives a look into Minerva’s life being one of â€Å"Papa’s little girls† as well as being the second youngest of the four sisters, a tough situation to leave. In one of Mate’s earliest diary entries we get a look into her young mind, Mate writes, â€Å"I had such a time deciding between the patent leather and white leather for church today. I finally settled for the white pair as Mama picked those out for my first Communion, and I wanted her to feel that they were still my favorites† (36).This quote shows us how Mate is not yet involved in the complexities of the revolution and is more worried about what clothes she’s wearing, giving the reader insight into another sisters character. Before the volleyball game at Tio Pepe’s where Dede was looking to impress Lio, Alvarez writes, â€Å"She knows she looks especially good in her flowered shirtwaist and white sandal heals† (70). Referring to Dede, the quote reveals her self interest into her beauty , and her lack of interest in the revolution compared to her other three sisters.Detailed characterization helps give the reader a sense of what each sister is like, and helps them put the story of the Mirabal sisters into place. Alvarez uses the device of foreshadowing brilliantly to develop the plot that will come about later in the story. Alvarez utilizes detailed characterization to allow the reader to personalize the characters and distinguish the differences between the qualities of the four sisters.She uses selection of detail to describe characters, setting, and scenes throughout the book, thus allowing the reader to create a mental image of situations at hand. When putting the three literary devices together, it makes In the Time of the Butterflies a fascinating book that the reader doesn’t want to put down. Alvarez does a splendid job of using literary devices including foreshadowing, selection of detail, and detailed characterization to make the heroic story of the Mirabel sisters come alive.

Culture diversity Essay

Individual Final Assignment- What information about diversity in the United States has helped you better understand or relate to others in ways that you may not have in the past? Have you learned something new about your own racial, ethnic, or cultural history? Trends in immigration will continue to shape the demographics of the United States. What will the U.S. population look like in the year 2050? Why do you think so? What challenges does the United States face due to the diversity of its people? What are the benefits of such a diverse society? How can we foster a climate of acceptance and cultural pluralism in the United States? In what ways do the media perpetuate stereotyping and prejudice? Provide examples to support your assertion. In what ways do the media help foster appreciation for diversity? Provide examples to support your assertion. How might individuals and the United States work together to reduce prejudice and increase appreciation for diversity? How might you change your own behaviors to be more inclusive and pluralistic? Diversity in the United States Studying Cultural Diversity has opened my eyes to the information dealing with the many issues in today’s society. I never paid attention to diversity in the United States before I took this class I was well aware of the issues in my society but this class made me understand why it is happening and where it all started. It taught me that different racial and ethnic groups have unique cultural traditions which make them who they are. The United States is very diverse. The term diversity is used to refer to the many demographic variables, including race, religion, color, gender, national origin, disability, sexual orientation, age and education. America’s diversity has given this country its unique strength, resilience and richness. The United States has a racially and ethnically diverse population. The United States census identifies six ethnic and racial categories: White American, American Indian and Alaska native, Asia, African American, Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander. It also included Hispanic or Latino American Being the largest minority group in the nation. White Americans are the racial majority in the nation. I am an African American Woman. I am very familiar with my culture and background history. Studying diversity this semester has opened my eyes to the values of my cultures also showing me how hard people fought for the rights of my peoples. I am aware that civil rights activists fought for my rights not only as an African American but because I am a woman as too. There were many civil rights movement and acts that fought against discrimination against minority groups. African Americans make up the largest subgroups and are descendants of Africans who were transported to the United States in the mid-1600 during the slave trades. Before the 1600’s this id no record of African Americans. African Americans have a hard time with ancestral background because slave owners did not keep up with the records of their slaves. Most African Americans resided in the southeastern and south central states. The diversity in the United States today have made it more difficult for many people to place themselves on the racial and ethnical landscape. The racial and ethnical landscape is constructed to out socially and not naturally. This is what causes the landscape to be subject to change and different interpretation. There is an increasing change in the respect for biracial identity and multiracial identity groups. In history mixed races were considered to be taboo and unheard of. In today’s society you see more biracial couples and children. This shows that there is some acceptance in diversity. The labels names for subordinate have evolved American Indians to Native Americans to native people or Negros to Blacks to African Americans. I have learned that the various issues in which our nation faces dealing with prejudice, discrimination and stereotypes which leads to the issues concerning hates crimes. The United States population is expected to increase by the year 2050. According to the United States Census Bureau projections the portions of the resident of the United States who are white and non-Hispanic will decrease significantly by the year 2015. The minority status is not about numbers there is no denying that the White American majority is diminishing in size relatively to the growing diversity of racial and ethnic groups. Over the next couple of decades the United States population is expected to increase rapidly in its older population and a large increase in racial and ethnic  diversity. Although the expected increase in the population the white population is expected to decrease due to the diversity and the increase in multiracial identity groups. Diversity comes in all forms. In today’s workplace technology is rapidly growing and experiencing rapid changing the ways of living. Businesses are working on an international level dealing with different race, religion, ethnics, age and gender. It is important the company owners to understand the true meaning of diversity when managing an increasingly growing diverse group of people. Simple misunderstandings can arise from basic cultural differences, communication style, or work attitudes. These misunderstandings can create challenges. Gender communication issues can range from communication styles and perception, opportunities and can even cause sexual harassment. Racism is the belief that these inherited characteristics can affect the individual’s abilities or behaviors. The concepts of diversity are practiced world-wide by people and organizations. When an organization has a group that belongs to a diverse group it demonstrates organization and celebrates the diversity that exists in people of different backgrounds. It promotes humanistic values. Active persuasion of diversity in the workplace directly impacts productivity and profitability of the organization as well as its employees. Promoting diversity reduces absenteeism rates, lower employee turnovers and reduces legal responsibility of discrimination lawsuits. Being able to understand different identity groups will improve the work stability with each other. If this is practice then cultures will have no problem working with each other. We can foster a climate of acceptance and cultural pluralism in the United States by being civil and tolerant. Being respectable to one another and treating each other equally. If we can practice living in a community with other identity groups we will establish a well-defined multi-cultural group. Media perpetuates stereotyping and prejudice in ways of being bias to one side than the other. Media stereotypes are inevitable especially in advertising, entertainment and news industries. Stereotypes are a signal or  clue that acts like a code that gives the audience an understanding of the person or a group. When you see things advertised on television it gives you a perception of what they are promoting. Thing that are viewed on television are our biggest influence. For example a child watches something violent on TV then goes to school and acts out in violence. This is a good example to show how much television and the media influences our society. The Media helps foster appreciation for diversity by promoting the differences between different identity groups. The media has a powerful influence on people’s attitudes and perceptions. The media encourages the tolerance of diversity constructing national identity. Prejudice is the attitude that rejects an entire group. People working together to eliminate prejudice and discrimination requires people to accept others. They would need to exploit the fear of being threatened and eliminate the need to blame others for their own failures. People should practice person-centered thinking which would allow them to overlook the differences with other identity group and accepting as equal. Practicing this will allow people to be able to work comfortably with others. The most influenced points are in education, ass media, intergroup contact and workplace training programs. If we can control what is being taught in school to prevent crime and reduce discrimination we could reduce the crime level due to racist acts. We could also be careful what is being presented on television which influences their viewers. I have always been familiar with the problems and issues that have been presented in this course. I have never had a problem working with other identity groups. Although I have had my own personal views to favoritism in the workplace and other industries I understand that diversity is mindful that racial and ethnic labels are just labels and no race is considered a pure race. People based their lives on what makes someone different from them. Plan on practicing more on finding what makes us alike rather than what makes us different.